Animation is a series of still images linked together as a time sequence which makes the pictures  move.  There are three types of animation; traditional, stop motion and computer generated. Stop motion; animators manipulate and photograph objects one frame at a time. The objects can be almost anything. Some stop motion films use people who hold certain poses for individual frames. Computer generated; animators can also use computer software to create films and models which is faster than the traditional method. Any characters and objects they make; it can either be two-dimensional or three-dimensional but creating each type is different. For 2D computer generated animation the animator creates a series of images with each one slightly different from the last, similar to the traditional method. To create 3D images the person has to make a model of the character or object. All of them can be used to make 2D and 3D images. Another one is  traditional animation which involves drawing every frame of a film by hand, after all the drawings are completed and coloured they can be photographed or scanned into a computer. After they can be combined with sound on film. Some times it requires the creation of 24 drawings per second of the film. Most traditional animated films are produced by large companies.


Beta Movement

Beta movement is an illusion described by Max Wertheimer in 1912 in his  experimental studies. Two or more still images are combined by the brain into motion. This is referred to as the phiphenonmenon, which is different related illusion. The beta phenomenon experiment involves a viewer or audience watching a screen upon which the experimenter projects two image sin succession. The first image depicts a ball on the left side of the frame. However the second image depicts a ball on the right side of the frame. The images can be  shown quickly or each frame may be given a few seconds of viewing time.

Illusion of movement

There is disbelief; animation sometimes requires the people to believe that which is impossible. The frame rates (FPS) has 12 fps animation, 24 fps film and 25 fps television.

The frame rate of movies is the number of images photographed per second and is measured in frames per second (fps). Frame rate describes both the speed of recording and playback.  The 24 fps rate became the standard for sound motion pictures in the 1920s.  All the hand drawn animation is to be played at 24 FPS. Example; if you film a football on a sidewalk at 24 frames per second, the movie will have 24 unique photographs of the position of the ball but if you film it at 100 frames per second; there are nearly four times as many photographs of the football's position during the same time.

Animators

Walt Disney

Films made by disney

• Dumbo (1941) 
• Pinocchio (1940)
• song of the south (1946)
• Cinderella 
• one hundred and one dalmatians 
• Peter Pan
• Lady and the Tramp 
• Sleeping Beauty
• Beauty and the beast 
• The lion king
• the little mermaid
• the jungle book
• Aladdin 
• the princess and the frog
• tangled
• frozen 
• Mickey Mouse 

Animators 

Walt Disney; 

In the big film 1928, Mickey Mouse, it all started of as just a mouse until Disney made that character a whole lot more. Disney made this character loved by many and gave the mouse a name and a personality. Mickey mouse was a Original creation of Walt disney. They created a few other characters as Mickey's best friends, Donald Duck, they gave Donald a explosive temper and he gets easily provoked. Also Goofy, he is a dog which is really clumsy and does not come across as intelligent. Pluto was Mickey's pet dog and had a independent role in 48 disney shots in the 1930s, 1940's and 1950's. Pluto is represented as a normal dog, unlike Goofy which is presented as a different unrealistic dog. 

In 1937, Walt disney studios released its first fully animated feature film '' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and pioneered a new form of family entertainment. More than seven decades later, walt disney animation studios continues with animated films which are beautiful artistry, masterful storytelling and ground breaking technology. Cartoonist Winsor Mccay influenced Walt Disney, who created his first comic strip at the Cincinnati Enquirer in 1903, was an innovator of both comic strips and animation.

Tim Burton



Films he has produced

• Batman (1989)
• The night before christmas (1993) 
• Beetlejuice (1988)
• Edward scissorhands (1990)
• Alice in Wonderland (2010)
• Batman Returns (1992)
• Charlie and the chocolate factory (2005)
• Frankenweenie (2012)
• Dark shadows (2012)
• Big Fish (2003)
• Planet of the Apes (2001)
• James and the Giant Peach (1996)

Character creation 

A character called Dodo was created in alice in wonderland as a fictional character as a bird. Another character from the alice in wonderland was created called Match Hare and was said to be the most famous character to set alice in wonderland's tea party. A scary fictional character was created in 1993 , the nightmare before christmas. They named him Jack Skellington, Jack was the pumpkin king of halloween town and lives in a fantasy world based on Halloween Holiday. 

Tim Burton combined childlike fantasy and visual stylization. Tim Burton, for years, has been an acknowledged creative force in Hollywood in his own way. The roots of his creative horror comes from the work of stop motion animated pioneer Ray Harryhausen and the horror films starring such cinematic people, Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee. Some filmmakers who steal from the greats, Tim uses his inspirited more as a canvas onto which he creates his incredible sights. Disney influenced Tim as a child and in the early stages of animation such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, he became drawn to them when he was younger. Most early animated disney films were fantasy and that is were Tim got his ideas from. 

Developments in animation technology

The development in animation technology from early inception to present digital technology. 


Phenakistoscope was early animation that used a spinning disk of performed images to create a illusion of motion. It was in 1832 when Joseph Plateau introduced Phenakistoscope. It was also invented separately in the same year by Simon von Stampfer of Vienna, Simon called his invention a stroboscope. Josephs inspiration came from the work of Michael Faraday and  Peter Mark Roget, the compiler of Roget's Thesaurus. Michael had invented a device he himself called ''Michael Faraday's Wheel, that composed of two discs that spun opposite directions from each other. After Joseph took another step, adapting Michael's wheel into a toy he later named the phenakistoscope.  It consisted of two discs mounted on the same axis. The first disc had slots around the edge and the second contained drawings of successive action, drawn around the disc in concentric circles. Unlike Faraday's wheel, whose pair of disc spun in opposite directions, a phenakistoscope's discs spin together in the same direction. When viewed in the mirror through the first disc's slots, on the second disc the pictures will appear to move. The benefits of the Phenakistoscope because it was the first steps for animation. The drawbacks are that there was only ever one person who was allowed to view or operate the animation at one time so not many people could watch the animation.





The zoetrope was invented in 1834 by William Horner, who originally called it a Daedalum, (wheel of the devil). It was based on Joseph Plateau's idea, the Phenakistoscope. It was more suitable since it did not need a viewing mirror and allowed more than one person to use it at the same time. Horner's invention became forgotten for nearly 30 years until 1867, when it became patented in England by M. Bradley and also in America by William F. Lincoln. Lincoln renamed the Daedalum, giving it the name of wheel of life. The zoetrope is the third major optical toy. It is a simple drum with an open top, supported on a central axis. A sequence of hand drawn pictures on strips of paper are placed around the inner bottom of the drum. Slots are cut at equal distances around the outer surface of the drum, just above where the picture strips were to be positioned. To create a illusion of motion, the drum is spun; the faster the spin, the smoother the progression of images. More than one person could use the zoetrope at the same time. The benefits of the zoetrope is that it allows more than one person to view it so more people can watch it. The drawbacks are that it stays with the same illusion of motion.





The praxinoscope was a invention by Emile Reynaud in 1876. Patented in 1877, its a toy giving the optical illusion of movement. It received honourable mention at the Exposition universelle in Paris in 1878. The praxinoscope incorporates the principle of William George Horne'rs zoetrope, using a removable strip printed in a series of 12 drawings that make a cyclical movement. This strip is placed inside a drum rotating an axis used as a base. He also added on the same axis, a cylinder on which are arranged 12 facets of mirrors, each reflecting a drawing. A candlestick with a lampshade is placed on top of it. The animation can be seen with low light by several people. With having the cylinder system of mirrors, the view sees one drawing at once, the one reflected in the small mirror he has in front of him. The benefits are it has 12 different drawings in. The drawbacks are the time was absorbing.




Edweard Muybridge invented the Zoopraxiscope in the summer of 1879. The device built on a long global history of interest in image projection. Eadweard borrowed the animated illusion of movement from moving image toys and combine this with the capacity for projection emovided in the magic lantern. After he adapted pictures rapid movement informed by the camera onto a screen. Tomany theorists the zoopraxinoscope therefore represents a pivotal moment in the history of moving image - a missing link between slide projection and cinema. He generally used painted sequences, directly informed by his motion photography for his glass discs with animals such as monkeys, kangaroos, leaping frogs, also it had dancing women, all being animated. The benefits are that the movement is in detail. The drawbacks are it was seen by people in a cylinder.
 
 
Kinetoscope is a motion-picture film projector invented by Thomas Edison and William Dickinson from the United States in 1891. A strip of film was passed quickly between a lens and an electric light bulb light while somebody viewed it through a peephole. There was a spinning wheel with a narrow slit that acted as a shutter, allowing a moment view of each of the 46 frames in front of the shutter every second behind the peephole. Firstly, Edison considered his invention as a unimportant toy.  In 1894 when the Kinetoscope was publicly displayed on Broadway, In New York. The benefits of this is that it was passed quickly. The drawbacks are that it was viewed through a peephole.




In 1895 the lumiere brothers invented their own device which is combining camera with print and projector and called it Cinematograph. The lumiere brothers used a film speed of 16 frames per second, much slower. The lumiere brothers recorded their first footage using their invention cinematographer, it was a three in one motion picture camera; developer, projector. It was a device competing to Thomas Edison's kinetoscope in 1895, march 19th. There film was in black and white, 46 seconds long and was a silent documentary. The cinematograph was operated manually by a hand crank. However Edison's electrically powered camera that similar to a piece of furniture and was not portable. The cinematograph was a sharper projected image than had previously been seen before. The cinematograph could be projected onto a screen to be viewed by a large audience. The benefits of the cinematograph was it could of been seen by a few people. The drawbacks could be it was only 46 seconds long on a film.

Translucent paper is to improve hand drawn techniques and also improves the drawings of characters.


Steamboat Willie was the first film in 1928 to use sound in animation.


CGI animation is the generating animated images by using computer graphics.
CGI is used for visual effects, the quality is often higher and effects are more controllable than other more physically based processes.

Performance Motion Devices; it is a world leader in motion control chipds, control cards, digital drives and motion control software.

CAD is short for computer aided design, which is the use of computer technology for design and design documentation. CAD software replaces manual drafting with an automated process. If a person works in the architecture, MEP, or structural engineering fields , then the person probably used 2D or 3D CAD programs.